This lecture provides a comprehensive overview of the urinary system, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of the kidneys and associated structures. It explains the functional units of the kidneys, the nephron and glomerulus, and details the filtration process and regulation mechanisms. The lecture also introduces urinary system diseases, particularly acute renal failure, categorizing it into pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal failures, and highlights the systemic impact of kidney dysfunction.